Count Antonio Graziadei (5 January 1872 – 10 February 1953) was an Italian academic and politician. One of the co-founders of the

Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party ( it, Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy. The PCI was founded as ''Communist Party of Italy'' on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). ...

, he was Professor of Political Economy at the Universities of Cagliari and

Parma Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, Giuseppe Verdi, music, art, prosciutto (ham), Parmigiano-Reggiano, cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 ...

and a member of the Italian Parliament from 1910 to 1926. In 1928 he went on a self-imposed exile to France to escape

fascism Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...

. After the war he began his teaching activity at the University of Rome.

Biography

He was born in to an old aristocratic and conservative family. Despite his class origins, Graziadei, still very young, embraced the cause of the working classes and joined the Italian Socialist Party as early as 1893. In his native Imola, he met

Andrea Costa Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew. Origin of the name The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that ref ...

, the first socialist parliamentarian in the history of Italy. When Costa died, Graziadei replaced him in the Chamber of Deputies in 1910. At that time, he was with the right-wing of the PSI in the company of

Leonida Bissolati Leonida Bissolati (20 February 1857 in Cremona – 6 May 1920 in Rome) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century. Biography He was born from the liaison of Paolina Bergamaschi, a nurse, wi ...

, but unlike the PSI he will be able to avoid expelled from the party in 1912. When the First World War broke out, he positioned himself as a maximalist socialist, and in 1921, he was among the founders of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I). Within this party, of which he will be a member of the Central Committee. He distanced himself both from the group around the review ''

L'Ordine Nuovo ''L'Ordine Nuovo'' (Italian for "The New Order") was a weekly newspaper established on 1 May 1919, in Turin, Italy, by a group, including Antonio Gramsci, Angelo Tasca and Palmiro Togliatti, within the Italian Socialist Party. The paper was the ...

'' by

Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...

, and from that of

Amadeo Bordiga Amadeo Bordiga (13 June 1889 – 25 July 1970) was an Italian Marxist theorist, revolutionary socialist, founder of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), member of the Communist International (Comintern) and later a leading figure of the Internati ...

, and instead sided with the right wing led by

Angelo Tasca Angelo Tasca ( Moretta, 19 November 1892 – Paris, 3 March 1960) was an Italian politician, writer and historian. He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy, but was expelled in 1929 due to his opposition to Stalinism. Having expe ...

. With the advent of the fascist dictatorship, he lost his seat as a deputy, suffered attacks, experienced isolation, and finally saw himself excluded from the university environment. Expelled from the PCd'I in 1928 because of his Marxist revisionism, he nevertheless continued throughout the 1930s to publish his books and articles on economics. After the collapse of the Fascist dictatorship, he was made a member of the ''Consulta Nazionale'' and obtained his readmission to the PCI. As a teacher and economist, he was one of the most brilliant minds of his generation. Although a convinced Marxist in politics, on the other hand unorthodox in the field of

Marxian economics Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, is a Heterodox economics, heterodox school of political economic thought. Its foundations can be traced back to Karl Marx, Karl Marx's Critique of political economy#Marx's critique of politic ...

, most notably regarding the concept of the

labor theory of value The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory of value that argues that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of " socially necessary labor" required to produce it. The LTV is usually associated with Marxian e ...

Main writings

* Il Capitale tecnico e la teoria classico socialista del valore, Università di Bologna, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, tesi di laurea, 1895. * La produzione capitalistica, Torino, Bocca, 1899. * Quantità e prezzi di equilibrio fra domanda ed offerta, Imola, 1918. * Prezzo e sovrapprezzo nell'economia capitalistica: critica alla teoria del valore di Carlo Marx, Milano, Società editrice Avanti, 1923. * La teoria del valore ed il problema del capitale "costante" (tecnico), Roma, Maglione e Strini, 1926. * Capitale e salari, Milano, Monanni, 1928. * La rente et la propriété de la terre (Critiques aux théories de Marx), Paris, Marcel Rivière, 1931. * Le capital et la valeur: critique des théories de Marx, Paris, Pichon et Durand-Auzias, Lausanne, Rouge, 1936. * Il risparmio, lo sconto bancario e il debito pubblico, Milano, Bocca, 1941. * Le teorie sull'utilità marginale e la lotta contro il marxismo, Milano, Bocca, 1943. * Le teorie sulla produttività marginale e la lotta contro il marxismo, Milano, Bocca, 1946. * Il salario e l'interesse nell'equilibrio economico, Roma, Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 1949. * Memorie di trent'anni 1890-1920, Roma, Rinascita, 1950.

References

External links

Commemoration of Graziadei at the Italian Parliament
{{DEFAULTSORT:Graziadei, Antonio 1872 births 1953 deaths People from Imola Italian Socialist Party politicians Italian Communist Party politicians Deputies of Legislature XXIII of the Kingdom of Italy Deputies of Legislature XXIV of the Kingdom of Italy Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy Members of the National Council (Italy) Politicians of Emilia-Romagna Academic staff of the University of Cagliari Academic staff of the University of Parma Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome Italian Aventinian secessionists Italian Marxists Italian anti-fascists